AUTOZINE TECHNICAL SCHOOL



   Department of Engine
 Section:
Power and Efficiency
Alternative Fuel
Engine Configuration
Construction and Materials


Power and Efficiency


 Variable-valve timing (VVT)


Basic Principles

VVT's benefit to fuel consumption and emission

Different systems:

1. Cam-changing VVT - e.g. Honda 3-stage VTEC, Nissan VVL

2. Cam-phasing VVT - e.g. BMW Vanos / Double Vanos, Toyota VVT-i

3. Cam-changing + Cam-phasing VVT -  e.g. Toyota VVTL-i, Porsche Variocam Plus, Honda i-VTEC, Audi Valvelift, Mercedes Camtronic, GM iVLC

4. Rover's unique VVC

5. Continuous variable valve lift (CVVL) - e.g. BMW Valvetronic, Nissan VVEL, Toyota Valvematic

6. Electrohydraulic valve control - e.g. Fiat Multiair



Intake and exhaust


Tuned intake manifold

Variable intake manifold


Variable length intake manifold


3-stage variable length intake manifold

Continuous variable length intake manifold - e.g. BMW DIVA

Variable trumpets - e.g. Ferrari F12tdf

Resonance intake manifold - e.g. Porsche VarioRam

Tuned exhaust & variable back-pressure exhaust



Multi-valve engines


History

Advantages and Disadvantages

Solutions - e.g. Toyota T-VIS

Number of Valves - 3, 4, 5 or more



Forced induction


Ram Air Intake

Supercharging


Roots type supercharger

Eaton TVS supercharger

Lysholm (screw type) supercharger

Centrifugal supercharger

Turbocharging


Overview

Light pressure turbo

Variable turbine geometry (VTG)

Variable-volume turbine by Koenigsegg

Twin-turbo


Parallel Twin-turbo

Sequential Twin-turbo - Audi's VVL-driven sequential twin-turbo

2-Stage Variable Twin-turbo

Twin-scroll turbo

Cross-bank turbocharging - BMW twin-turbo V8 as example

Turbo + Supercharger - e.g. Volkswagen Twincharger

Electric Supercharger - e.g. Audi e-booster

Turbo lag reduction - e.g. Volvo PowerPulse



Throttle


Throttleless engine - BMW Valvetronic



Ignition


Twin-spark plug



Compression


Variable Compression - Saab SVC,  Nissan VC-T

Atkinson cycle engine

Miller cycle engine

High compression engine - Mazda Skyactiv-G

Low compression diesel engine - Mazda Skyactiv-D



Fuel injection


Overview

Gasoline Direct Injection


Stratified charge direct injection - e.g. Mitsubishi GDI

Direct injection by EGR - e.g. Renault IDE

Stoichiometric Direct Injection - e.g. Alfa Romeo JTS

Spray-guided direct injection - e.g. Mercedes CGI

Dual-mode injection (direct + port) - e.g. Toyota D-4S

Diesel: common-rail direct injection



Emission control


Pollutants and Emission Standards

Catalytic converter

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Exhaust Gas Recirculation


Alternative Fuel


 Electric cars


Introduction

Battery

Efficiency and GHG emission



Hybrid cars


Introduction

Mechanical Hybrid - Volvo Flywheel KERS (2011)

Mild Hybrid - Toyota Crown (2002),  Honda Insight (1999),  Auto stop-start with brake energy regeneration

Full Hybrid - Toyota Prius (1997)

Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) - Chevrolet Volt (2010)

Hybrid Transmission - Planetary CVT



Hydrogen cars


Introduction

Hydrogen Engine - BMW Hydrogen 7 (2006)

Hydrogen Fuel Cell - Mercedes NECAR 4 (1999),  Toyota Mirai (2015)

How green is hydrogen?


Engine Configuration


 Volkswagen VR and W-engines


VR6: 1st generation (12-valve),  2nd generation (24-valve)

V5

W12

W16

W8

W18

The Rise and Fall of VR and W-engines



Engine Configuration and Smoothness


Introduction and basic theory

Inline-2

Inline-3

Inline-4

Inline-5

Inline-6

V6

V8 (flat-plane and cross-plane)

V10

V12

Boxer engines

VR6, V5, W12 and W16

W8


Construction and Materials


 Cylinder block


Aluminum alloy block

Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) block

Magnesium-Aluminum block - e.g. BMW N52

Closed deck block

Cylinder liner / bore coating


Cast iron liner

Nikasil

Alusil

Fiber-Reinforced Metal (FRM)

Twin-Wire Arc Spray (TWAS)

Cylinder head

Piston, Connecting rod and Crankshaft

Camshaft, Valvetrain and Valve

Intake and Exhaust manifold

Sump



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